The Great Necropolis--Atlanta's Westview Cemetery

The Atlanta Metro Area sprawls over an immense area that officially covers a large portion of Georgia and includes a small portion of neighboring Alabama. Of its great cemeteries, only Westview matches that sprawling nature. This immense cemetery holds the record as the largest in the Southeast at 582 acres, of which only about half has actually been developed. It currently holds nearly 100,000 interments and far outpaces Atlanta's other great cemetery, Oakland, which is a mere 48 acres and contains around 70,000 interments.

A row of mausolea with the crenellated water tower in the background.
Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all rights reserved.

Looking towards one of the many hills. Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV,
all rights reserved.

Looking down one of the many hills. Photo 2011, by Lewis
Powell IV, all rights reserved.

Looking towards one of the more well-to-do sections from the
potter's field. Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all rights reserved.

Unlike Oakland, which has been celebrated for its history, architecture and importance, Westview hasn't received as much acclaim. Oakland has been the subject of a few books while Westview remains a quiet giant in the background. Interestingly, both cemeteries played parts in the Civil War as battles raged around the city. From a house atop a hill near the small municipal cemetery that was the original six acres of Oakland, General John Bell Hood directed Confederate forces during the battle of Atlanta. It was also the Civil War that caused Oakland's first major expansion when a place to bury Confederate dead was needed. Oakland has since grown to occupy the farm house where Bell stayed which was replaced with a building containing the sexton's office and living quarters and marked with a bell tower used to summon workers.

The land now occupied by Westview Cemetery, however, was the scene of actual fighting. On the 28th of July 1864, as the Union Army under General Sherman vied to take control of Atlanta, thus seizing the heart of the Confederacy, a portion of the Army of the Tennessee under General O.O. Howard was ordered to seize and cut the railroad as it entered the western side of the city. The armies engaged near a small chapel called Ezra Church. Though the Confederate forces failed to repulse the Union attack, the army did not cut the western railroad. When Westview Cemetery was created in 1884, it incorporated some of the Confederate trenches and later a monument was built to those who died there.

The Confederate section from the rear. Those buried
in this section are Confederate veterans who died years
after the war. Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all rights
reserved.

The graves of Confederate veterans are arranged in a circular
pattern arround the monument. Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV,
all rights reserved.

Near the Confederate section is a crenellated water tower.
Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all rights reserved.

The water tower looking up from the base. Photo 2011, by Lewis
Powell IV, all rights reserved.

A private corporation created Westview in 1884 and built a large gatehouse. The cemetery became a popular burial place for Atlanta's elite families: governors, politicians and businessmen with names like Dorsey, Woodruff, Grady, Hartsfield, Allen, Candler, Eggleston, Rhodes and Haverty. Since that time, the list has included sports stars and even rappers. In 1943, the cemetery constructed what is perhaps the largest mausoleum in the world in the center of the cemetery. Referred to as "The Abbey," this expansive Venetian-style structure contains space for over 11,000 burials plus a chapel and space for family visitation. The magnificent three-story building is highlighted with stained glass, murals, mosaics, ironwork and ornate stone work.

Looking towards the Abbey from the cemetery. Photo 2011,
by Lewis Powell IV, all rights reserved. 

An exuberant facade. The architect incorporated the Georgia
state seal and the Atlanta city seal into this design. Photo 2011,
by Lewis Powell IV, all rights reserved.

Looking into the loggia from a side window. This is underneath the
face pictured above. Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all rights reserved.

Inside the loggia. Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV,
all rights reserved.

The Abbey's belltower. Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all
rights reserved.

The porte cochere. Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all
rights reserved.

A different facade. Under this loggia is a mosaic depicting
the risen Christ. Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all rights
reserved.

A tower window. Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all rights
reserved.

Plaques around the building are carved with quotes
regarding death. This quote is from William Cullen
Bryant's poem, Thanatopsis. Photo 2011, by Lewis
Powell IV, all rights reserved.

Unfortunately when I visited, the Abbey was closed, though the signs said it was open until 4:30 PM. I was, however, blown away by the enormous cemetery and some of its remarkable monuments. I was guided by a good friend, Benjamin Lewis, who has gotten to know the cemetery quite well. His introduction to this massive location came as he was looking for the burial location of his great-great grandfather who was hanged as a criminal and then buried in an unmarked grave in the potter's field section of the cemetery. Certainly it was interesting to see the huge shifts in the cemetery between the graves of industrial and commercial barons and the humble of the potter's field, the massive monuments and then the lowly and sometimes unmarked graves of the less well-off. In his rambles through the cemetery, Ben had also stumbled on the grave of Thurman Cain, brother of recent GOP presidential candidate, Herman Cain, a native of Atlanta.

Two graves were of particular interest to me, those of Robert Shaw and Joel Chandler Harris. Shaw, longtime conductor of the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra and one of the greatest choral conductors and arrangers of the 20th century, is buried in a simply marked grave next to his wife. I had the honor of singing the Mozart Requiem under him a couple years before his death and it was an enlightening experience. Lacrimosa dies illa. 

Robert Shaw's simple marker.

Joel Chandler Harris' grave consists of a large, rough-hewn boulder with a bronze plaque and a bas-relief likeness of the master storyteller. Harris, a journalist, collected and published stories he heard from slaves and former slaves. Known as the "Uncle Remus" stories, these stories are the descendants of African folktales and they have enshrined characters like Br'er Rabbit, Br'er Fox and Br'er Bear into the pantheon of beloved, yet also vilified, characters. Some African-Americans consider the stories, which are written to imitate the dialect of the slaves, to be offensive and racist. Harris has also been accused of cultural theft while others argue that his publishing of these stories was an act of cultural subversion. Regardless, his home, The Wren's Nest, has been preserved as a museum not far from Westview and his stories continue to be told there and throughout the South.

Joel Chandler Harris' great boulder. Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV,
all rights reserved.

With my interest in the paranormal, I did a quick search for ghost tales from Westview, but alas, I could find none. With Westview's tremendous history, it would be no surprise that a few shades are still wafting about the corridors of the Abbey or down the lanes of Atlanta's sprawling necropolis.

My thanks to Benjamin Lewis for sharing this treasure with me.

Sources
National Park Service. "Battle Summary: Ezra Church." Accessed 24 December
     2011.
Westview Cemetery. "The History of Westview." Accessed 24 December 2011.
Westview Cemetery. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed 24 December 2011.

The Crumbling Mausoleum--Magnolia Cemetery, Charleston, South Carolina

Magnolia Cemetery
70 Cunnington Boulevard
Charleston, South Carolina


First off, forgive the long period of not posting, I've started a new job and my time for writing and research as well as visiting cemeteries has been cut significantly.

I'm on vacation this week and have had the chance to visit a few marvelous cemeteries. In Charleston I've revisited Magnolia Cemetery and Bethany Cemetery right next door. Walking along one of the drives in Magnolia I encountered the White Mausoleum. It's located on a row of marvelous mausolea including the wonderful, Egyptian-revival styles Vanderhorst mausoleum. I didn't see a date on the structure and the tablet inside doesn't appear inscribed, if it is, I didn't venture too far inside to read it, for obvious reasons. Just guesstimating, I would say the mausoleum is at least mid-19th century, possibly not long after the cemetery's founding in 1850. Sadly, the building is crumbling.

The mausoleum was constructed of brick that was faced with stone. Some of that stone has fallen away to reveal the handmade bricks underneath. Perhaps the most interesting detail revealed by the deterioration of this monument is the chamber underneath the floor. At some point in recent history the floor of the mausoleum has collapsed revealing the actual burial chamber. The chamber consists of a series of stone shelves for the placement of the family's coffins. The shelves all appeared to be bare, much to my morbid curiosity's disappointment. Perhaps the mausoleum was never used or the contents of those shelves has been stolen or removed. The condition of this mausoleum is both saddening and fascinating.

White Mausoleum. Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all rights
reserved.

Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all rights reserved.

One of the crumbling corners. Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV,
all rights reserved. 

A different angle showing the marsh the mausoleum faces. Photo,
2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all rights reserved.

Just inside. Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all
rights reserved.

Looking down into the burial chamber. Photo 2011, by Lewis
Powell IV, all rights reserved.

Midway Plantation Slave Cemetery, Brentwood, Tennessee

Courtney Mroch over at Haunt Jaunts shared this marvelously preserved slave cemetery she accidentally discovered in passing. She included a video as well. Check it out!

From Cradle to Grave with Cradle

On a recent jaunt through Atlanta's sepulchral masterpiece, Oakland Cemetery, I was awed by a marvelous cradle carved atop a child's grave. Surprisingly, I can't say that I've seen that many cradles atop or in grave symbolism, so this particular grave fascinated me. Sadly, the work is unsigned and the marble has deteriorated quite a bit. I've adjusted the contrast on these photos so the cradle's details are more evident.

Grave of Joseph Dennis Wing, Oakland Cemetery, Atlanta.
Young Joseph died March 5, 1912. Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell
IV, all rights reserved.

Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all rights reserved.

Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all rights reserved.

Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all rights reserved.

Charleston, South Carolina's Magnolia Cemetery contains a far more elaborate cradle marking the grave of Rosalie Raymond White. This grave is made all the more haunting by the addition of a death mask of the child underneath the hood of cradle.

Grave of Rosalie Raymond White, Magnolia Cemetery, Charleston
South Carolina. Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all rights reserved.

The inscription reveals that Rosalie was less than a year old when
she died September 5, 1882. Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all
rights reserved.

Rosalie White's death mask. Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV,
all rights reserved.

Henry McCauley's Hands--Waverly Hall Cemetery

Waverly Hall Cemetery
GA Highway 208
Waverly Hall, Georgia


Lately I've been travelling to Columbus, Georgia for work. Once I've finished the work, I've set out to photograph the nearby cemeteries. Columbus' Linwood Cemetery is marvelous and features some incredible funerary art, some of it by local stone carver Henry McCauley. McCauley's work, described in Mary Jane Galer and Linda Kennedy's book on Linwood Cemetery as "museum quality," also appears in the cemetery in Waverly Hall, just down the road.

Working between 1856 and 1879, McCauley produced a number of exquisite monuments. Among them, two monuments in Waverly Hall Cemetery featuring beautifully carved matrimonial hands. These hands, common in Victorian grave symbolism, symbolize holy matrimony. Two hands joined together commonly appear in the symbolism and may have a variety of meanings; but in this case with gender-specific cuffs indicates matrimony.

Both monuments are fairly similar and the Lowe Monument appears to have had a column similar to the Crook Monument. There is a rounded column base on top of the Lowe Monument with a notch in the top for attaching the column. It's interesting to note that, according to the Linwood Cemetery book, McCauley started working in 1856, as the deceased all died prior to that. Of course, sometimes it would take years to get a permanent marker. Both monuments are signed, "H. McCauley, Columbus."

There is also a bit of difference in how the hands are carved. The hands on the Lowe Monument, in my humble opinion, are a better effort and more natural. The fingers appear more relaxed than the stiff fingers on the other monument. Also, note the wrinkles and folds of skin on the thumb on the Lowe Monument, detailing absent from the Crook Monument. The inclusion of a double heart above the hands on the Lowe Monument emphasizes the matrimonial nature of the joined hands.

The Crook Monument erected for Maj. Osborne
Crook, d. 15 October 1851 and his wife, Elizabeth
C. Crook, d. 25 October 183[?]9. Photo 2011,
by Lewis Powell IV, all rights reserved.

One pair of hands on the Crook Monument. Photo 2011, by
Lewis Powell IV, all rights reserved.

The opposite side of the Crook Monument. Photo 2011, by
Lewis Powell IV, all rights reserved.

The Lowe Monument, note the natural stone
foundation and coping. This was erected for
General Henry H. Lowe, d. 8 July 1854 and
his wife Mariah H. Lowe, d. 27 November 1852.
Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all rights
reserved.

The hands and hearts from the Lowe Monument. Photo 2011,
by Lewis Powell IV, all rights reserved.

McCauley's signature from the Lowe Monument. The Crook
Monument is signed, but the signature could not be clearly
photographed. Photo 2011, all rights reserved.

Sources
Galer, Mary Jane and Linda Kennedy. Historic Linwood Cemetery.
     Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2004.

A Crying Shame—Bethesda Presbyterian Church (Newsbyte)

Bethesda Presbyterian Church
Russellville, Tennessee

"Ghost hunting" teens vandalizing a historic church and cemetery in eastern Tennessee have been arrested. I covered this in my Southern Spirit Guide blog, here.

Colonials, Confederates and Victorians--Churchyard of Prince George Winyah Episcopal Church

Prince George Winyah Episcopal Church
300 Broad Street
Georgetown, South Carolina


Just the name Prince George Winyah has a colonial feel to it: a mix of honoring royalty and an Indian name, Winyah, the original name of Georgetown. This parish is one of the oldest in South Carolina having been founded in 1721. The church itself dates to around 1750 and I presume the churchyard dates to the same period, though I can currently find nothing to support that. The churchyard is lovely and verdant. If you visit in the mid-summer, be sure to bring some type of insect repellent as the mosquitoes are positively vicious. I wanted to stay longer, but the mosquitoes wanted to feast on me.

View of the cemetery. Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV,
all rights reserved.

Late 19th century plot. Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all
rights reserved.

Victorian marker for Joanna Ward Pyatt, d. 2 June 1882.
Can anyone identify the flowers on the stone? Photo 2011,
by Lewis Powell IV, all rights reserved.

Neoclassical stone for Joseph Benjamin Pyatt, d. 28 July 1910.
Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all rights reserved.

Front of the Neoclassical marker
for M. Lee Ward, d. 9 October
1885. Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell
IV, all rights reserved.

Back of the marker for M. Lee Ward,
d. 9 October 1885. Photo 2011, by Lewis
Powell IV, all rights reserved.

An unusual Neoclassical stone for Florence,
daughter of Richard Henry and Eliza Lee, d.
7 February 1883. Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell,
IV, all rights reserved.

Back of the stone for Florence Lee. Photo
2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all rights reserved.

Unusually shaped stone for Charles Garnett Stone,
d. 10 June 1869. Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV,
all rights reserved.

Signature of J.A. Purdell on Charles Garnett Stone's marker.
Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all rights reserved.

Sources
McCorkle, Norman. National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form
     for Prince George Winyah Episcopal Church. 14 February 1971.
Prince George Winyah Episcopal Church. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia.
     Accessed 9 August 2011.

Locked In -- Charleston's Magnolia Cemetery

70 Cunnington Street

Charleston, South Carolina

A moss-draped drive through the cemetery.
Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all rights reserved.

A Victorian era plot near the center of the cemetery.
Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all rights reserved.

After wandering through Magnolia Cemetery in awe for almost two hours I began to make my way out. The cemetery has winding drives through its oak shaded acres with a posted speed limit of 15 miles per hour. Not wanting to miss anything, I was probably driving slower than that when I approached the massive cemetery gates. The gates were closed and a chain and large padlock secured them. A number of expletives left my mouth and panic quickly set in. A couple of Northern Mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottis) loudly scolded me from atop an adjacent tombstone. The welcome sign listed rules for the cemetery but no number in the event that you’re locked in with the dead. As I dialed 911, I prayed that I would not face a fine or worse for missing the very obvious sign stating that the gates would close at 6PM. It was 6:15.

A Victorian monument. Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all rights reserved.

In this city of so many fine homes and buildings, only I would first head to the cemetery. But, this place is so much more than just a resting place for the dead, it’s truly an art museum, a guide to three centuries of art and architecture and a habitat for native plants and wildlife. Wandering among the graves were Domestic and Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) and Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). I passed a couple of ponds within the cemetery and was excited to see a dead tree in the center of one pond with a number of water birds perching on it. Even better, were the two “Life Birds” I saw there: Wood Stork (Mycteria americana) and American White Ibis (Eudocimus albus).

A snag in the main pond with perching waterbirds. Two Wood Storks
are perched at the top with two White Ibises underneath. A Cattle
Egret is perched on the right with a Great Egret in the background.
Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all rights reserved.

For a taphophile, Magnolia Cemetery is heavenly. Everywhere there is marvelous funerary art and symbolism. As I walked and was fed upon by legions of mosquitoes (I won’t acknowledge their scientific name as they don’t deserve it) I had to pass graves that in most cases I would be drawn to in order to pursue more interesting graves. By the end of the first hour, I took to riding in my car to avoid the mosquitoes and trying to photograph the most interesting graves closest to the drive.

The grave of Mary Porcher Huches, died 1 May 1895. The grave
has a wonderful rope border with lilies of the valley, a symbol of
innocence and purity.
Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all rights reserved.

The large, Gothic Revival monument to Elbert P. Jones,
died 1 April 1852. Designed by architect Francis D. Lee and
constructed by E. Greble of Philadelphia.
Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all rights reserved.

Among the more notable monuments is the grave of Rosalie Raymond White. Situated next to one of the ponds, the White family plot has some fascinating art, but particularly interesting is the grave of young Rosalie who died less than a year after her birth. There is a hooded cradle and under the hood, the likeness of the child. According to Denise Roffe in her Ghosts and Legends of Charleston South Carolina, the likeness is a death mask and one of the few such things on a grave in the United States.

Grave of Rosalie Raymond White.
Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all rights reserved.

The death mask of Rosalie Raymond White.
Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all rights reserved.

Another prominent monument is that William Washington. I viewed this one from the car, so I couldn’t get all the information, but it appears to be a cenotaph (a monument to someone who is buried elsewhere) to this notable figure from the American Revolution. The monument, surrounded by an unusual circular iron fence (I’ve not seen one, though they were numerous in this cemetery), is a large marble column with an ivy garland wrapped around it. At the base of the column is a rattlesnake, a creature I’ve not seen at all in funerary art. The snake is taken from the early American Gadsden flag, the first flag carried into battle by the Continental Marine Corps during the American Revolution, which bears the words, “Don’t Tread On Me.” This flag has most recently been adopted by the Tea Party.

The monument to William White; a Doric column with
a rattlesnake entwined at the base.
Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all rights reserved.

The rattlesnake sans head.
Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all rights reserved.

This monument was designed by E.B. White and constructed by W.T. White, the city’s most prominent stone carver and monument builder. As I wandered the cemeteries of Charleston, in nearly every graveyard I found monuments with White’s signature. Nearby, another marvelous monument by White is the stone for the Rev. I.E.H. Seymour. Topped with the statue of a praying woman, the stone bears a wonderful crest. An hourglass is encircled by an ouroboros, an ancient symbol meaning cyclicality; thus in this, the cyclicality of time or that even in death, life is created. This idea is strengthened by a wreath which can mean victory in death. The wings, however, are harder to interpret and I have yet to find an explanation. On this same stone is also the image of a bee, another symbol that I cannot yet interpret.

The crest of the Seymour monument.
Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all rights reserved.

The mysterious bee from the Seymour monument.
Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all rights reserved.

Not far away is the monument for Hugh Swinton Legare, who served two years as a state legislator, South Carolina Attorney General, then as a state Representative to the United States House and then United States Attorney General under President John Tyler. The monument consists of a large marble Corinthian column sitting on a large base. One side of the base is carved with the national crest with a bald eagle, while the opposite site bears images from the South Carolina state crest with a wonderfully carved palmetto tree with a pair of shields underneath back with 12 spears (representing the other 12 colonies); all sitting on a fallen tree. The palmetto’s significance comes from a battle fought on Sullivan’s Island near Charleston, June 28, 1776, between colonists and the British. The colonists had built a fort of palmetto logs and the British cannon fire seemed to bounce right off. The dead tree represents the defeated British fleet. This monument was also built by White and is signed “W.T. White/Steam Marble Works/115 Meeting St”.

The Legare monument.
Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all rights reserved.

The eagle crest on the Legare monument.
Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all rights reserved.

The South Carolina crest on the Legare monument.
Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all rights reserved.

Lagare died in 1840 in Boston, Massachusetts while attending ceremonies for the unveiling of the monument at Bunker Hill. He was buried in the Mount Auburn Cemetery there. Interestingly, this is one of the cemeteries upon which the designs for Magnolia Cemetery are based. Mount Auburn, coupled with New York City’s Greenwood Cemetery provided the inspiration for the “Garden Cemetery,” a type of cemetery found throughout the United States. These cemeteries, created in park and garden-like settings were a departure from the usual church yards where most people were buried. In 1857, Lagare’s remains were exhumed from his Boston burial place and he was re-interred here among the magnolias.

Magnolia Cemetery was founded in 1850 on the grounds of the former Magnolia Umbra plantation. The old plantation house still stands in the center of the cemetery. Laid out by South Carolina architect Edward C. Jones, the rules for governing the cemetery were copied from those of Mount Auburn and Greenwood. This sacred parcel of land has become the resting place of many of Charleston’s most prominent people.

James Brown Boyd monument topped with
a palmetto.
Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all rights reserved.

Closeup of the palmetto by A. F. Chevereaux.
Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all rights reserved.

Nearby is another stone carved with state symbolism including a wonderful, freestanding palmetto. The monument is for James Brown Boyd, Sergeant of the Palmetto Guards of the 2^nd South Carolina Regiment. He was killed at the battle of Sharpsburg, Maryland (usually called Antietam), September 17, 1862. This is not a White monument and is signed “D.A. Walker.” The palmetto sculpture is signed, “A. F. Chevreaux, Sculptor”.

The Confederate section.
Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all rights reserved.

According to Denise Roffe, this cemetery may have a few spirits wandering around. In one story, a brother and sister were fishing in the nearby Cooper River. When the little girl’s favorite doll fell in the water, she dove in to retrieve it and her body was found later clutching the doll. Her spirit has been seen in the company of a Civil War soldier, said to be her father. When the two are approached, they both vanish as the little girl giggles. Another spirit is also a young girl seen near the burial site of Annie Aiken.

Part of the burial lot for the crew of the CSS Hunley, the
Confederate submarine that sank in Charleston harbor after
sinking the USS Housatonic. Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell
IV, all rights reserved.

The cemetery is massive and I easily could have spent many hours here, but the swarms of mosquitoes feeding on me every time I got out of the car began to be too much. That’s when I decided to leave, and good thing as I found the locked gates.

The Egyptian Revival W.B. Smith mausoleum.
Photo 2011, by Lewis Powell IV, all rights reserved.

A jolly man in a pickup truck pulled up as I spoke to the 911 operator. He had the key. Thank God. I told him I was so bowled over with Magnolia Cemetery that I had lost track of time. Smiling he listed some facts about the place: it contained around 33,000 interments (a number that is still growing) on 154 acres. I’m glad I’m not yet one of those who have found their rest here.

Sources

Hugh Swinton Legare. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed 30

     July 2011.

Jacoby, Mary Moore and John W. Meffert. Charleston: An Album from

     The Collection of the Charleston Museum. Dover, NH: Arcadia Press,

     1997.

McNulty, Kappy and Nenie Dixon. National Register of Historic Places

     Nomination form for Magnolia Cemetery. 23 August 1976.

Roffe, Denise. Ghosts and Legends of Charleston, South Carolina. Atglen,

     PA: Schiffer, 2010.

Seal of South Carolina. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed 30

     July 2011.